The main theory behind holograms is the wave property of interference. Holography, means of creating a unique photographic image without the use of a lens. Holography allowed them to conclude that the dynamics of these black holes give a complete nonperturbative formulation of mtheory. A there is strong evidence that the area of any surface limits the information content of adjacent spacetime regions, at 1. Types of holograms a hologram is a recording in a two or threedimensional medium of the interference pattern formed when a point source of light the reference beam of fixed wavelength encounters light of the same fixed wavelength arriving from an object the object beam. Communication theory journal of the optical society of. The release of graham saxbys third edition of practical holography shows how well the author understands what people need from a complete book on holography. In digital holography instead of the real object, series of its digital photographs taken from different angles are used. The term hologram is a combination of the greek words holos complete and gram message holography is a process for recording and displaying three dimensional information without lenses therefore holography opens up completely new possibilities in science, engineering, graphics and arts. Essentially, the hologram is illuminated with light of the same wavelength that was used to make it. For bohm, the insights of quantum mechanics and relativity theory point to a universe that is undivided and in which all parts merge and unite in one totality. Emmett leith worked on synthetic aperture radar which has theoretical. This laser light strikes the hologram at the same angle that the reference beam struck the film during the exposure 2a.
Hohmr4 hologram recombination machines are used to transfer the image from the nickel shim master to a special plastic namely polycarbonate sheet. Although holograms were immediately popular for art, practical applications of optical holography lagged until the 1980s. Because phase is a relative property, construction of a. Holography has been used as a tool to determine the 3d motion data of swimming microorganisms hence the basic principle of holography is briefly explained in this chapter. It is a physical structure that diffracts light into an image. We use holography to develop a physical picture of the realtime evolution of the spinodal instability of a fourdimensional, stronglycoupled gauge theory with a rstorder, thermal phase transition. The author provides easytofollow derivations of the mathematical foundations of holography, while giving practical advice on how to implement holography for a wide variety of applications. Digital inline holographic microscopy jorge garciasucerquia, wenbo xu, stephan k. Holography 1 holography introduction and background the aesthetic appeal and commercial usefulness of holography are both related to the ability of a hologram to store a threedimensional image. Holographic theory is an extension of general system theory because it recognizes that the boundaries of a system are an artificial construct. Displays huds used in fighter aircraft also incorporated an hoe to combine an. We numerically solve einsteins equations to follow the evolution, in which we identify four generic stages. We establish the quadratic order kk mappings for various gauge invariant. The interference pattern is captured by the film and processed.
A general analytical method is formulated for computing the diffracted fields in terms of the initial exposing field, the film characteristics, and the. In the cases where the gauge theory under study has a known holographic supergravity dual. The development of new holography methods made it suitable for. The hologram is then illuminated with laser light transmission or white light reflection. Applications of the holographic principle in string theory. That allows obtaining enough information for single and full parallax digital holograms 1, 2. Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Theory of generalized holography and the development of nah article pdf available in the journal of the acoustical society. Quantum holography operates similarly in that quantum emissions from complex matter, for example, biomatter, carry information about the entire organism. Retrieved on december 1, this page was last edited on 15 octoberat talbot was born in grand rapids, michiganon september 29, the holographic theory of the universe encompasses consciousness and reality as we know them, but can also explain such hitherto unexplained holographkc as telepathy, outofbody experiences and even miraculous healing.
The first part deals with optical foundations and the theory of holography. Real time dynamic imaging and reconstruction were also made possible using these methods, which was a major drawback in optical holography. System theory stresses the relationships between the components of the system, however, the boundaries of the system are defined to suit the researchers purpose. Gabors invention requires an instrument which could produce. At that time, scanning devices that could be used for digitizing. A special chapter is designated to digital holographic.
The theory behind holography is rather straightforward and based on the fact that information recorded in the emulsion of photographic or holographic film is caused by the intensity, not the phase, of the electromagnetic wave incident on the film. The photographic recording of the image is called a hologram, which appears to be an unrecognizable pattern of stripes and whorls but whichwhen illuminated by coherent light, as by a laser beamorganizes the light into a threedimensional representation of the original object. Holography was invented in 1949 by dennis gabor, a mathe matician. The name for the technique that was developed comes from the greek word holos, meaning whole, and gramma, meaning message.
Then how does one explain the theory of a thin hologram. Introduction to holography is a lucid introductory textbook for students and a valuable reference text for specialists. Practical aspects of holography are then described, including light. The quantum hologram and the nature of consciousness. Unlike a normal photograph that uses a lens to focus an image on an electronic chip or a piece of film and simply records where there is light or no light, holography is a. Basics of holography is a general introduction to the subject written by a leading worker in the field.
To fully understand the history of holography you need to have a basic idea of what a hologram is. Basic principles and applications of holography spie. Nobel prize winner dennis gabor, holographys inventor, saw the film after it was made and said it was the. What is mathematical formulation of holographic principle. Optical holography didnt take off until the invention of the laser in 1960. The two waves after interacting will combine to form one wave. When a hologram is made, a coherent beam of light is divided so that one beam the reference beam falls directly onto a piece of photographic lm and another beam the object beam is formed from the light that is scattered by an object and falls onto the same piece of lm. Volume transmission hologram gratings basic properties. Holographic lens variations on holographic lens hologon headup display a p p l i e d o p tic s g r o u p d e p a r t ment o f p h y s i c s applications of holographic 1. The holographic principle is a property of quantum gravity and string theories which states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a boundary to the regionpreferably a lightlike boundary like a gravitational horizon. It begins with the theory of holographic imaging, the characteristics of the reconstructed image, and the various types of holograms. First, the basic results from the general theory of holography, based on the scalar diffraction theory, are summarized, and a general description of the digital holographic microscopy process is given, including quantitative phase microscopy. His theory describes how a threedimensional image of the information pattern encoded in a beam of light can be stored on photographic film. Digital holography refers to the acquisition and processing of holograms with a digital sensor array, typically a ccd camera or a similar device.
The first, understanding holography, presents the principles of hologram recording illustrated with practical examples. After invention of holography by dennis gabor in 1947 it is widely used in various areas. Image rendering, or reconstruction of object data is performed numerically from digitized interferograms. Photography holographic recording hologram formation reconstruction types of holograms holographic material mass production of holograms a p p l i e d o p tic s g r o u p d e p a r t ment o f p h y s i c s. Holography basic principles and contemporary applications is a collection of fifteen chapters, describing the basic principles of holography and some recent innovative developments in the field. Holography is a technique that enables a light field, which is generally the product of a light source scattered off objects, to be recorded and later reconstructed when the original light field is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects. It can be the interference pattern on a photographic plate from a threedimensional object, or the entropy impressed on the surface of a black hole, or a physical theory translated into another form.
A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a threedimensional light field, resulting in an image which retains the depth, parallax, and other properties of the original scene. Computation of the amplitudes of the diffracted fields which are produced when a reflection hologram or a thick transmission hologram is illuminated requires that the 3dimensional nature of the hologram be accounted for. An astonishing theory called the holographic principle holds that the universe is like a hologram. Introduction first experiments in numerical reconstruction of optical holograms date back to 196070th. Basics of holography basics of holography is an introduction to the subject written by a leading worker in the. Eventhough the method was digitised, the theory and methods of optical holography still apply for digital holography.
Primarily, holography is a set of mathematical propo sitions based on modifications of the fourier theorem. Leith and upatnieks pioneering paper on offaxis holography was titled reconstructed wavefronts and communication theory 4, suggesting upfront the transition from describing holography as a visualization method to a way of transmitting information. Holography, on the other hand does not utilize a lens to form a latent image. A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than an image formed by a lens. These are likewise developed by use of a communication theory approach. With validation of theory and experiments concerned with the nonlocal quantum hologram, information, including nonlocal information, suddenly acquires a more important status in physical theory. In short, the holographic hypothesis of brain function proposes a mathe matical model. The resulting pattern is the sum of all these zone plates, which combine to produce a. Principles and techniques of digital holographic microscopy. Derived from the greek word holos meaning whole, the term hologram means simply a complete picture.
As a theoretical criterion of degree of dimensionality, holography uses kleins parameter q 2tnd2 kogelnik, 1969, where. A more detailed explanation of holography can be found in the ph. Holography holography mathematics proposed by dennis. A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to. It relies on the principle of interference to produce an image. Holograms of nonexisting objects are made using this method.
Understand that making a hologram requires the recording of interference patterns. Chapter 23 holography and holographic instruments lloyd huf f research institute uni y ersity of dayton dayton, ohio 2 3. According to the principle of holography, a detailed three dimensional image of an object can be recorded in. Pdf after invention of holography by dennis gabor in 1947 it is widely used in. Unlike ordinary photographs, holograms record both phase and amplitude information. This undivided whole is not static but rather in a constant state of flow and change, a kind of invisible ether from which all things arise and into which all things eventually dissolve.
Instead of sending the reference beam and object beam in line, leith and upatnieks proposed separating and sending them at di. The word holography is made up of two greek words, holos meaning whole and graphy meaning writing. Originally, holography was a technique used to improve electron microscopes. Today, holograms are used for data storage, optical communications. He takes the reader through what a hologram is, the history of holography, what sort of light sources can be used to make a hologram, what kinds have been made to date and so on through to. The next section describes how to record holograms directly with an electronic sensor ccd and describes the various reconstruction techniques.
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